The 5th annual conference of the Japan Second Language Association
Abstract
Date: May 14 - 15, 2005
Place: Kwansei Gakuin University

Presenter Title of the presentation / Abstract of the paper
Saturday, 14 May
15:25 - 16:40
Guest Speaker Session 1
John Matthews and Cynthia Brown (Shizuoka University)

How filtered input obscures Full Access in L2 phonological acquisition

An important distinction can be made between the input to which learners are exposed and that portion of the input, called “intake,” to which a developing grammar has access. In this talk, we will demonstrate how the phonological component of a speaker’s grammar plays an active role in the processing of speech, causing non-native segments and consonantal sequences to be perceived in terms of native language representations, resulting in a disparity between the L2 input and the intake available to the learner. This interference from the L1 phonology essentially filters the input, removing the trigger necessary for successful L2 phonological acquisition. We examine segmental misperceptions, in which the intake constitutes a reduced component of the L2 input, as well as a psychoacoustic phenomenon known as a perceptual illusion effect, in which the intake actually exceeds the input. Given these input-intake disparities, we argue that acquisition failure in these cases cannot be taken to indicate lack of access to UG; indeed, when the necessary trigger is part of the learner’s intake, successful acquisition occurs.

Sunday, 15 May
13:25 - 14:40
Guest Speaker Session 2
Bonnie D. Schwartz (University of Hawai'i at Manoa)

What's left in early L2 architecture

The focus of this talk is the characterization of the left-edge of the clause in (very) early stages of Interlanguage (IL).? Crosslinguistic acquisition research over the years has shown us that early IL utterances??just like early L1 utterances??typically do not include things like questions with wh-fronting (2a) or with subject-auxiliary inversion (2a, 2b), (non-subject-initial) verb second (3), and embedded clauses (4a, 4b).

These sentence types are precisely those that unambiguously implicate the left-periphery of the clause, i.e. the C-domain in (1).? It's perhaps not surprising, then, that their absence in early IL is commonly taken as arguing for the early absence of the structure needed to represent them.

Contrary to explicit L2 proposals that embrace this idea (e.g. Vainikka & Young-Scholten 1994; Klein & Perdue 1997; Hawkins 2001; Bhatt & Hancin-Bhatt 2002; Hakansson, Pienemann & Sayehli 2002), here I will argue that the structure generally associated with left-periphery phenomena of the type in (2)-(4) is indeed present in (very) early IL.? A range of early IL data (with a variety of source- and target-language pairings) which necessarily invoke C-domain syntax will be presented, during the course of which its immediate source and, time permitting, knowledge vs. processing effects will be addressed.

References
Bhatt, R. & B. Hancin-Bhatt. 2002. Structural Minimality, CP and the initial state in second language acquisition. Second Language Research18: 348-92.
Hakansson, G., M. Pienemann & S. Sayehli. 2002. Transfer and typological proximity in the context of second language processing. Second Language Research 18: 250-73.
Hawkins, R. 2001. Second Language Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.
Klein, W. & C. Perdue. 1997. The Basic Variety (or: Couldn't natural languages be much simpler?). Second Language Research 13: 301-47.

Vainikka, A. & M. Young-Scholten. 1994. Direct access to X'-theory: Evidence from Korean and Turkish adults learning German. In T. Hoekstra & B.D. Schwartz, eds., Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar: Papers in Honor of Kenneth Wexler from the 1991 GLOW Workshops. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 265-316.

May 14th 2005 (Saturday)
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Presenter Title of the presentation / Abstract of the paper

Neal Snape
(University of Essex)

The use of articles in L2 English by Japanese and Spanish learners

The present study compares learners of English whose first language is Japanese (article-less) and Spanish (which has definiteness-marking articles). Under our proposal there are two parameters; (1) the Article Choice Parameter (Ionin et al 2004) and (2) the Nominal Mapping Parameter (Chierchia 1998). The predictions are that (1) Japanese learners will ‘fluctuate’ in the use of the and a between definiteness and specificity in indefinite specific contexts. (2) Japanese and Spanish learners will have problems with mass nouns due to L1 transfer effects. The results, so far, support Ionin et al’s (2004) Article Choice Parameter and Chierchia’s (1998) Nominal Mapping Parameter.

Mizuki Mazzotta
(McGill University)

L2 acquisition of Japanese case drop

This study investigates whether the Empty Category Principle (ECP), is accessible to adult second language (L2) learners. Kanno (1996, 1998) investigates this issue by looking at the L2 acquisition of Japanese Case drop which is regulated by the ECP.? She claims that adult learners have access to the ECP from early stages of L2 acquisition. The present study demonstrates that, contrary to the previous findings, even advanced L2 learners are not sensitive to the syntactic constraint of Case drop (i.e. the ECP) by examining the L2 learners' knowledge of pragmatic constraints as well as those of the ECP.

Kayoko Enomoto
(University of Adelaide)
& Mariko Sakamoto
(Kagoshima National College of Technology)

The acquisition of conflation patterns in Japanese by English speakers

This study investigates the effects of crosslinguistic differences on the acquisition of Japanese conflation patterns, by English speaking learners with two different L2 proficiency levels. The study was designed to examine what happens when the L1 permits more ways of realising a particular argument structure than the L2 and whether developmental differences can be found in the learners’ performance when making judgments on the grammaticality of Japanese sentences, containing different conflation patterns. The obtained results support the Full Transfer Full Access Hypothesis, showing full involvement of the L1 and UG in the L2 acquisition.

Gerald Bullock, Akira Omaki, Barbara Schulz, Bonnie D. Schwartz & Annie Tremblay (University of Hawai`i at Manoa)

On the interaction of transfer and processing in (early) Interlanguage

Bhatt & HancinBhatt’s (2002) Structural Minimality Hypothesis claims early Interlanguage lacks CP. Our lowintermediate (L1Japanese) L2English data from two tasks contest this:
(1) TRUE/FALSE SCENARIOSENTENCE INTERPRETATION
 a. Charles said  in the winter that he played tennis.  [PP Comp]
 b. Charles said that in the winter  he played tennis.  [Comp PP]
 c. Charles said  in the winter  he played tennis.  [Compless]
(2) SELFPACED READING
 a. Charles said yesterday he played tennis. [adverbial: +past]
 b. Charles said tomorrow he will play tennis. [adverbial: ?past]
  Our account follows Dekydtspotter, Schwartz, Sprouse & Liljestrand
(submitted): full native language transfer combined with universal processing strategies.


May 15th 2005(Sun)
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Presenter Title of the presentation / Abstract of the paper
Mika Sato & Claudia Felser (University of Essex)

Sensitivity to different types of information in L2 sentence processing: Evidence from Speeded Grammaticality Judgements

The present study investigates L1 Japanese - L2 English learners’ sensitivity to different types of information in L2 sentence processing using the speeded grammaticality judgement technique. The learners' non-native-like performance patterns suggest that they have difficulty applying their (independently established) L2 knowledge in situations of increased processing pressure. Our results further indicate that constraints which apply in the same way in the L1 and the L2 are easier to apply in L2 processing than those which are not, and the learners' sensitivity to grammatical violations was not influenced by individual proficiency or working memory differences.

Diana Hsien-jen, Chin (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)

Language transfer in the acquisition of aspect in Japanese and Spanish by multilingual learners

This study investigates language transfer in the acquisition of the semantic interpretation of aspectual marking in Japanese and Spanish by Chinese-English speaking multilingual language learners. The results show that both the learners’ L1 (i.e., Chinese) and the interlanguage grammar in the non-native language that they had previously acquired (i.e., English) were sources for language transfer in the acquisition of aspect in Japanese or Spanish as the L3.

Pardeshi Prashant
(Kobe University)
Transitivity and object case marking in Japanese: Toward a synthesis of cognitive typology, language acquisition and language pedagogy

The goal of the present study is to test the validity of the cross-linguistic cognitive typology of two place predicates proposed by Tsunoda (1991) with the help of language acquisition data. In Japanese, the object case marking varies according to degree of transitivity of the clause while in many languages it does not. In this study we will demonstrate through a questionnaire based acquisition study of object case marking in Japanese by Marathi, Chinese and Korean speakers that crossing the boundaries of typological differences across the source and target language prototype effects play a crucial role in the acquisition process.
Asuka Kaneko
(University of Shizuoka)

Successive cyclic wh-movement in second language acquisition

本発表は、日本語母語話者の高校生が連続循環wh移動をどのように理解しているのかについて、筆者が実施した実験結果に基づき、日本語母語話者の高校生の連続循環wh移動の理解、および彼らがその理解の過程で持つ中間文法に焦点をあて報告するものである。実験には、112名の高校生(高校1年生76名、高校2年生36名)が参加し、3つの実験(文法性判断タスク、プロダクションタスク、照応形指示判断タスク)を行った。本発表では、特に(@)日本語母語話者の高校生は長距離wh移動を理解できているのかどうか、(A)彼らがその理解の過程で持つ中間文法とはどのようなものか、という点に注目し発表を進める。


Poster Presentations

Poster presentation: Group A (Alphabetical Order)
Saturday, 14 May 14:25 - 15:10
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Presenter Title of the presentation / Abstract of the paper
坂内昌徳(福島工業高等専門学校),若林茂則(中央大学),福田一彦(福島大学),浅岡章一(早稲田大学)

事象関連電位を用いた「3単現の-s」の(不)使用に対する敏感度に関する研究

L2話者における屈折形態素の誤りを引き起こす原因について調べる目的で,日本人英語学習者が「3単現の-s」の誤りに対していかに敏感に反応するかを事象関連電位(ERP)を用いて調べ,母語話者のそれと比較した。「-s」の誤使用・脱落は「数」素性,「人称」素性のどちらか,あるいは両方が欠如していることから起きている可能性がある。それぞれの素性の食い違いを含む刺激文を用いた実験から,日本人英語話者は「人称」素性の食い違いに対しては敏感に反応することがわかった。

崔松子・堀江 薫(東北大学)

多言語話者の日本語産出に関する一考察: 朝・中バイリンガルを対象に

翻訳課題を用いて,朝鮮語を母語(L1),中国語を母国語(L2)とする中国朝鮮族日本語学習者のL1=L2=L3(日朝中3語で同形(ほぼ同形)同義),L=L3,L1=L2(日朝,朝中両語で同形(ほぼ同形)同義),L1≠L2≠L3(朝中両語にはない日本語特有のもの)日本語(L3)の漢語学習における難易を考察した。結果,使用頻度の高い場合,3グループとも回答,正答が多く,誤答,無回答が少ない。使用頻度低い場合,L1=L2=L3の方がL1=L2,L1=L2やL1≠L2≠L3より回答,正答が多く,誤答,無回答が少ない。それぞれのグループにおいて,使用頻度の高低による正答,誤答,無回答の差異が著しい。

Makiko Hirakawa
(Tokyo International University)

Effects of instruction on the L2 acquisition of English unaccusative verbs

Previous studies have reported that L2 learners of English with various L1 backgrounds produce/accept non-target forms in which unaccusative verbs appear in passives (e.g. Hirakawa 2003, Yusa 2003, Zobl 1989). The present study examines the effects of teaching the ungrammaticality of such forms to Japanese-speaking learners. Two groups of learners took pre- and post-tests (i.e. grammaticality judgment tasks) in which their knowledge of five types of intransitive verbs including unaccusatives and unergatives were examined. One group received explicit instruction over a four-week period between the tests and showed significant improvement in their knowledge of ungrammaticality of erroneous passive unaccusatives.

Hironobu Hosoi
& Yukiko Koguchi (Gunma Prefectural Women’s University)

-tachi plurals in Japanese: Evidence from L2 language acquisition

This paper discusses the Japanese plural marker ?tachi and tries to give unified accounts of the definiteness-like properties and the non-definiteness-like properties of ?tachi plurals. Nakanishi and Tomioka’s (2004) analysis and Kurafuji’s (2004) analysis cannot provide unified accounts of those phenomena. This paper argues that ?tachi has a property of presupposing existence of a plural object. Furthermore, CN(common noun)+tachi exhibits specificity when operators such as negation, modals, or propositional attitude verbs appear under the scope of the existential quantifier binding a plural-entity variable. The proposed analysis makes some predictions concerning the L2 acquisition of ?tachi plurals..

中西弘(関西学院大学)

文章・空間における記憶域は,どのように日本人英語学習者の読解力・聴解力と関連しているのか

日本人英語学習者のリーディング・リスニング・空間課題に対して,領域固有のワーキングメモリ(WM)が働くのか,それとも単一のWMが働くのか調査した。被験者は,大学生・院生30名で,WMの個人差を測るテストであるリーディングスパンテスト(RST)・リスニングスパンテスト(LST)・空間スパンテスト(SST),言語理解テストとして,リーディングテスト・リスニングテストを行った。その結果,RST・LST−言語理解テストとSST−言語理解テストの相関に乖離が見られた。言語・空間課題には,別個のWMが機能するが,言語課題であれば,視覚・聴覚入力に関わらず,同じWMが機能することが示唆された。

遠山(吉田)道子
(東京電機大学,上智大学)

日本語の長・短母音の習得:音節構造の違いが及ぼす学習者の発話における時間制御への影響について

音節構造の違いによる学習者の長・短母音産出への影響を調査した。3対の音節群(1)頭子音あり[ma]・[ma:],(2)頭子音なし[a]・[a:],(3)頭子音&拗音あり[mja]・[mja:]を刺激とし,母語話者の読み上げ音声,学習者3名(韓・英・中国語話)の読み上げ音声と復唱音声(母語話者の音声に続いて復唱したもの)を録音し,3対の長さの比を計算した。学習者の読み上げ音声では母語話者と異なり音節構造により比が変化し,復唱音声ではその比が一定した。また,有標性の低い[ma:]は[a:]や[mja:]よりも時間制御が容易である可能性も示された。

Andrew Radford (University of Essex)
& Hideki Yokota (Mie Prefectural Yokkaichi Senior High School)

Wh-pied-piping, wh-splitting, and wh-doubling in Japanese Learners’ English: A Preliminary Study

We report on an elicited study designed to explore the range of structures produced by elementary Japanese Learners of English (JLE) in contexts where native English speakers use Long-Distance Questions (LDQ). Our findings show that alongside target-like LDQs, the learners in our study produced a range of other types of structure including wh-splitting and wh-doubling structures. The result leads us to the three main conclusions. At the same time there are some residual questions. The most important of these is whether the types of L2 learner error reported here correlate with other aspects of the syntax of our learners’ grammars.

蘇雅玲(東北大学)

日本語を第二言語とする学習者における格助詞「を」「に」の習得過程

日本語学習者における「を」「に」の誤用を述語の語彙的意味分類に注目して,母語 (中国語,韓国語,マラーティー語) 別に収集し,誤用の要因を検討する。その結果,次のようなことが判明した。(1)述語の語彙的意味が学習者における格助詞の選択に影響を及ぼす。 (2)学習者の誤用は母語と日本語の文法体系間の差の大小に関係があり,日本語とズレのあるところでは間違いが出てくる可能性がより大きい。(3)格助詞と意味用法間に一対一の関係が見られないため,学習者はこういう複雑な点に関して間違いやすい。(4)日本語の文法規則の「過剰一般化」も誤用の大きな要因になる。これらの要因が相互に影響し合い,誤用を起したと認められる。


Poster presentation: Group B (Alphabetical Order)
Sunday, 15 May 11:40 - 12:25
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平井崇晴
(コンピュータ日本学院専門学校)

第二言語としての数学

日本人数学学習者は,数学 (数学概念) の理解と同時に数学記法という「第二言語」の習得を要求される。数学記法は,後置修飾のような英語と似た構造を持つ。日本語には名詞を後置修飾する用法がないため,日本人はそのような用法に不慣れである。そのため,数学記法そのものが数学の意味理解をする上で,少なからず障壁になる場合があるようだ。我々は,これを立証することを当面の目標としている。記法を変えることなく,数学記法を積極的に言語として捉え,第二言語習得理論の応用を数学教育に図ることは有意義ではないだろうか。本稿では, 数学記法の第二言語的な側面をあげて,それがもたらす数学の内容理解への影響を考察したい。

Tomohito Ishikawa
(Aoyama Gakuin University)

The effect of increasing task complexity along ± here-and-now dimension on L2 written narrative discourse

The current study investigated the effect of increasing task complexity on L2 written narrative discourse (i.e., ± Here-and-Now). Fifty-four Japanese learners of English were grouped into two groups based on the Michigan Placement Test, and they completed a picture description task based on a strip picture taken from Yule (1997). Several developmental indices of accuracy and structural as well as lexical complexity were employed to make statistical inferences about task complexity effects. The results were overall along with the Cognition Hypothesis that task complexity ‘pushes’ L2 learners to produce more developed forms of interlanguage (Robinson, 2001 2004, 2005).

野中陽子(愛知淑徳大学),
南雅彦(サンフランシスコ州立大学,神戸大学)

ほめ言葉に対する返答ストラテジーの習得: 外国語学習者の場合

本研究は(1)日本語母語話者,(2)英語母語話者,(3)日本語を勉強している学習者を対象として,「ほめ言葉に対する返答ストラテジー」を「ポライトネス」という視点から考察する。まず,「ほめられた時,どのように答えるのか」というアンケートを日本語母語話者と英語母語話者に実施し,両者の返答に見られるポライトネス概念の相違を調査した。さらに,学習の過程でそうした相違をどのように習得しているのかを検証するために,異なるレベルの日本語学習者にも同様のアンケートを実施した。調査の結果を踏まえて,「ほめ言葉への返答」等に代表される文化的側面を日本語教育にどのように取り入れてゆくべきかという問題も考察する。

大熊富季子(大阪外国語大学)

日本人英語学習者のテンスとアスペクトの習得

本研究では,日本人英語学習者のテンスとアスペクトの理解を通して,Minimal Trees(MT)と,Full Transfer/Full Access(FT/FA)という二つの対照的な言語習得理論の検証を行った。成人日本人学習者10名(習熟度:中上級)の,現在形・現在進行形・現在完了形・過去形の理解をacceptability judgement taskで測り,ネイティブスピーカーと比較したところ,母語に起因すると思われる顕著な違いが見られた。この結果は,機能範疇・語彙範疇共に母語の影響は見られると仮定するFT/FAを支持し,機能範疇には母語の影響は見られないと仮定するMTには反するものとなった。

大矢政徳,上田倫史,中野美知子(早稲田大学)

英語使役構文の従属節受動態化と母語干渉に関する一考察

本研究では,英語使役構文の受動態化を確率的最適性理論及び語彙機能文法の枠組みに基づいて説明し,日本人英語学習者のもつ言語知識が英語使役構文の容認性判断に際してどのように干渉するかを検証する。被使役者の意味役割の文法機能への写像に関し,日英語間で優先順位の違いがもたらされることをButt et al. (1997)の語彙写像理論に基づいて説明し,英語の使役構文の容認性判断において日本人英語学習者はこの優先順位に従った判断を下すと予想する。これを検証するため,日本人英語学習者に対し英語の使役構文とその従属節受動態化文の容認性判断テストを行い,上記の予想が支持され得ることを示唆する結果が得られた。

Harry Solvang
(ATR Human Information Science Laboratories)

A comparison of native and non-native intuition.The case of Japanese conditionals.

The present study focuses on the use of the four Japanese conditional markers TO,TARA,BA,NARA, investigating whether and to what extent the intuition of native speakers differ from that of second language learners. A computerized acceptability judgement test was performed among native speakers of Japanese, as well as among Japanese language learners with
typologically different language background. A comparison of the results shows that native and non-native intuition differs considerably in some of the areas where the conditional markers are subject to constraints in use.

横山直子(筑波大学)

物語文における視覚的イメージの視点と文脈レベルの視点の関係:中国語を母語とする日本語学習者の言語能力別による差の結果から

L2読解のイメージ化に関する研究において,イメージそのものの内容にまで踏み込んだ研究は所見のところ見当たらない。そこで本研究は,読み手が読解中に生成するイメージを「視覚的イメージ」とし,L2読解の場合における,視覚的イメージの視点がどこに設定されているかを明らかにすることを目的としている。実験は,中国語を母語とする上級日本語学習者と中級日本語学習者を対象とし実施された。その結果,日本語能力の差によって視覚的イメージの視点は異なることが明らかになった。上級日本語学習者の場合,ボトムアップ的な読解過程を辿りながら視点を設定している可能性が示された。一方,中級日本語学習者の場合,視覚的イメージの視点は固定されておらず,視点設定にゆれが確認された。

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