Age and the Limits of Second Language Attainment
Implicitly or explicitly, many SLA studies address a basic question: How far can late L2 learners go? In other words, what are the upper limits of L2 attainment for this population? Recently, research on this question has transcended the traditional emphasis on learner 'deficits' in favor of a more neutral approach to learner potential--an approach that considers what learners are capable of alongside their shortcomings in attainment. From this perspective, my presentation re-contextualizes inhibiting and facilitating factors subsumed under the macro-variable of age of immersion. These factors include L1 influence, state of neuro-cognitive development, experiential and psycho-social variables, and biological mechanisms underlying cognitive decline.
Despite well-recognized impediments to learning, native-like attainment among late L2 learners is observed across multiple domains of language knowledge and use. This finding holds for both behavioral and brain-based studies. Some instances of non-native-like attainment can be traced reciprocal influences of the L1 and the L2, which rule out monolingual-likeness in either language. That is, non-monolingual-like attainment cannot be linked exclusively to a putative loss of learning ability. A similar argument can be invoked for social and psychological influences on attainment.
A question driving some upper limits research is whether L2 learning is maturationally constrained. I examine the evidence that relates age of immersion to the L2 end state, and show that this evidence is generally not compatible with maturational accounts. Thus, received views of a critical period for L2 acquisition are reconsidered in favor of a conceptualization of age-related effects that takes into account general aging (as opposed to maturation) along with a variety of non-biological constraints on ultimate attainment. |